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7 Walks with Mark Brown

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We follow botanist Mark Brown

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in search of native plants

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from Aizier on the banks of the Seine

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to his home in Sainte-Marguerite-sur-mer.

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We accompany Mark on seven walks

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along the Pays de Caux coastline,

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filming plants,

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until we reach his crazy botanical project:

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to recreate a primary forest

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called The Dawn of Flowers.

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21-27 June 2023

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the shoot

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Many people say
it was starting to eat meat,

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so bone marrow and everything,

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which led the human brain
to grow so big.

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But other people say no,
the starch that caused the brain to expand

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came from a mutation of Dioscorea,
which is extremely rich in starch.

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So perhaps it was this plant
that allowed us to become intelligent,

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to have big brains.

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Australopithecines were vegetarian.
We know that for sure.

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Many people say it's because
humans started to hunt and eat their prey

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that they developed big brains.

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And then others say no,
it was because of these plants.

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- Yams, because...
- It's from the yam family?

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Yes, Dioscorea is a yam.

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- Did they eat the leaves?
- No, the tuber.

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It's known as the tuber theory.

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We've got sound.

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- What's it called?
- It's the other woundwort.

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I don't know if it's hedge woundwort or...

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No, this one is not hedge woundwort,
it's field woundwort.

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We've only seen hedge woundwort so far.
This is Arvencis.

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Stachys arvencis.

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It smells a bit like a figwort.

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Absolutely.

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You often find them by the sea,
in the dunes, even on the beach.

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- As big as that?
- Yes. Dewberries. I love them.

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But you mustn't put them in gardens.

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Unless you're prepared for them
to self-layer all over the place.

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Six subgenera are listed within Rubus.

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Rubus genus:

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Rubus, Silvatici, Sprengeliani,

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Discolores, Appendiculati, Glandulosi.

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Groups to study in the region:

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Rubus humifolius
in the Discolores subgenus

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and Rubus vestitus
in the Appendiculati subgenus

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which are probably common.

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That's what it says.
There are red dots everywhere.

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I don't know
if a study has been published on it.

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That would have been great.

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I know several monographs
were done in Great Britain

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but I'm not sure about France.

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Here comes the film camera.

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You've decided...

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I like it here because
of the depth of the flowers

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with inerm brambles
and cleavers and everything.

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It's a fine display.

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- What do you call them? Inerm?
- Inerm, yes.

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Thornless.

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- Unarmed.
- Did you know the word "inerm", Vincent?

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- No.
- Unarmed.

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I got it.

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- A plant with no defences.
- But I didn't know it.

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It has no sting, no thorns.

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And is it rare?
Do you find it on flood plains?

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I don't know.
People don't pay attention.

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They don't know.

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These nettles were here
before humans appeared,

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before hunter-gatherers arrived.

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There was no disturbance
of the environment

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so nettles grew in soils rich in nitrogen,

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where there was flooding.

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Later there were villages,

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places where people kept animals,

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so there were areas
that were very rich in nitrogen.

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And the other kind of nettle
may have come from elsewhere,

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we don't really know.

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Or is it a mutation
that came from that one?

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We don't know
but it became very prickly

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to protect itself from animals
and the assault of humans.

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It's hot.

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- It's water pepper.
- Oh, that's what it is.

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You can use it as a spice.

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- It's strong!
- It is.

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You can make spicy dishes with that.

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Wow.

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It's so strong. It's like chili.

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It's as hot as chili.

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It's crazy.

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Yes, fully contre-jour, Antoine.

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- Yes.
- Right.

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- The light is really fine.
- For the contrast.

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Magnificent. It's sparkling.

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It's going to be beautiful.
I just need to work it out.

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It's really glowing.

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It's strange what's happened there.

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- Yes, it's not very pretty.
- Do you think it's a gall?

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Yes.

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Oenanthe crocata.

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Hemlock water-dropwort.

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Mediterrean Atlantic.

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Hemicryptophyte
or geophyte with rhizomes.

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So it's a hardy perennial.

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Ditches, ponds, megaphorbs, shorelines.

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Here the water supply
comes from springs.

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And we get a lot of rainwater.

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We have groundwaters in the peat

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which can even be salty sometimes.

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So it's an extremely complex
hydrological system

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about which there is
a desperate lack of knowledge.

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It's wonderful.

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But there are plenty of theories.

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We can imagine how it works.

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And so this whole area
is currently transitioning

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to an acid facies linked
to the main water supply being rain

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from an alkaline facies,

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which it definitely was
a number of centuries ago.

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So the system is evolving,

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bearing in mind, as I said,
that we are on a raft,

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which means the soil level rises and falls
with the water level.

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I see.

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- It's extraordinary.
- And can you walk on the raft?

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I have a memory of floating peat bogs.
It was great fun.

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Is that the fescue in question?

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That's mallow.

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It's taking over here.

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Do you see? The worry is that...

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- Yes, the fescue is dominant.
- The fescue is everywhere.

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And Elytrigia atherica
is also very widespread here.

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- Is that that bluish grass?
- Yes.

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As you can see,
there is an abundance of it here.

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Here the facies is
of the meadow being overrun

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because it is systematically cut too late.

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Pity.

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Tell me when.
There's a cloud passing over.

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Yes. It's going to clear.

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I'll tell you when. In a few seconds
you can go for it.

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It's Alopecurus bulbosus
that's flowering here.

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- You can see the inflorescence.
- Doesn't it open any more than that?

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No, it's very delicate.

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I've never seen it before.
I didn't even know it existed.

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- It's a subhalophilous species.
- Right.

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Typical of estuary meadows.

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- And it's glaucous like this?
- Absolutely.

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It's a bit more caespitose
than the classic Geniculatus.

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I'll look for it when I get home.
I don't know if there are any there.

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This is the second site
found at Marais Vernier.

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- Right.
- Of this species.

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- Bravo.
- Alopecurus bulbosus.

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What is interesting is
that it is growing at the same time

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in the same area as...

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- Another rush, no?
- Juncus gerardii.

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And it's bringing salt
to the soil's surface.

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Those are the two phenomena
which have occurred.

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Right.

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Has salination occurred
in the area, or not really?

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That's the whole point
of the monitoring I've put in place,

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and the simple fact
of listing the sub-halophilic species

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and in particular the increase
in number of these species

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shows that it's going in the direction
of salination, yes.

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A basophilic species,

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but only in a very restricted area.

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And there, in the water,
we'll have Calla like earlier,

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Utricularia,
and the Potamogeton I mentioned.

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Is it too early
to see Utricularia in bloom?

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It might be a bit early.
We'll see if we can see some coming out.

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But we'll definitely find some.

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They've been visible for a few weeks now.

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The structures in the water
are quite distinctive with those pockets.

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Yes, with the utricles.
Very distinctive.

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- Without roots, which is...
- Absolutely.

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So there you have it.

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Ah, so we're on the raft here.

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- It's shaking.
- I'm not feeling it.

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Wow.

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Right.

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There are lots of flowers!

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They're all in bloom.

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Ordet, don't go into the water
and disturb the flower.

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There's a plant here to film.

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A Utricularia in bloom.

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These are insect traps.

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That stays open
and when the water flea arrives,

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there's a sort of trigger
and it sucks it in.

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There's a bud there.
It's about to flower.

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Do you see?

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There are no roots, no leaves, just...

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the plant.

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Since I've got the Baldellia and all that,
I think it will be happy.

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Because I was given another species
but it didn't take.

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I don't think
the pH of the water was compatible,

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but I can see everything
that is growing around it here

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and I reckon it will be better suited.

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I've stopped filming.

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That's a fine view.

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Magnificent.

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Shall I stop?

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I've stopped.

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The sound of the Drosera.

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Oh, yes, and it's teeming with life
when you're up close like that.

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All those insects.

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The light's flickering.
It's a whole world.

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It's beautiful
but we've taken the wrong path.

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There's even more knotweed here
than on the other side.

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We really are in the kingdom
of the invasive plants.

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Little bursts of sunlight like stars.

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Right.

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There's a bit of movement
in the background.

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I like it.

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There were brambles all over,
but very puny.

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It's going to end up disappearing.

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It's all going to disappear.

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All that will remain will be the elders
emerging out of the knotweed.

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Yes, because they're taller.

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It shows you
why plants became woody,

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so they could climb
higher than others plants.

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- There.
- The cruising.

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00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,320
Have you seen my Cyperus Fuscus?

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The sound is great here.

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Yes.

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00:16:56,160 --> 00:16:57,360
Shall I start?

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00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:01,760
It's filming.

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It makes me think
of the Robinia forests in Turkey

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which were planted on big hills,

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mountains which were bare.

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For rapid reforestation

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they planted lots of Robinia,
which is a tree from North America.

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It sterilised the soil.

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I found nothing but horsetail underfoot.

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And yet there was a stream running down.

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The ground was bare.

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Are you filming me?

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No.

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Is that a bumblebee?

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- Can you see? What is it?
- It's a fly.

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A little bumblebee with long antenna.

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- There, look.
- Oh, yes. I've never seen a bee like that.

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00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:25,560
Never. It's a bee, no?

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It's a bee with gigantic antenna.

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It must be extremely rare.

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- A beauty.
- Incredible!

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- Enormous antenna.
- Come and film it, Pierre.

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00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:39,160
Wait.

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It smells of almonds.

246
00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:08,640
You'd think someone was roasting almonds
somewhere nearby, it's true.

247
00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:10,640
Do you think it's worth filming?

248
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,120
I think he's filming the brambles.

249
00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:19,440
Torilis japonica
or Japanese hedge parsley.

250
00:19:19,560 --> 00:19:22,040
I had some in my garden in Varengeville.

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I introduced it.

252
00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:31,120
Yes, that's it.
The others have flat siliqua.

253
00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:33,120
It's exactly that.

254
00:19:56,520 --> 00:19:58,160
This is wonderful.

255
00:19:58,280 --> 00:19:59,280
Yes.

256
00:20:02,560 --> 00:20:04,760
You'll think of us
when you're cooking with it.

257
00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:06,240
I will indeed.

258
00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:24,960
You find the greatest diversity
on a chalky soil, in fact.

259
00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:30,520
Because on the Marais Vernier
there wasn't a huge diversity.

260
00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:33,600
There were flagship species
in some spots

261
00:20:33,720 --> 00:20:36,920
but when you go to the chalk hills

262
00:20:37,040 --> 00:20:40,160
you've got 50 species per square metre.

263
00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:42,000
It's staggering.

264
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:46,320
I love it.

265
00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:49,160
It's quite hard to film so high up.

266
00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:50,880
The carrots up there.

267
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:55,880
- Those at the top too?
- Perhaps a bit lower.

268
00:20:57,280 --> 00:20:58,760
The way you've got it is great.

269
00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:10,720
Lycium barbarum...

270
00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:23,040
It's not in the plants section,
it's in the addendum.

271
00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:43,480
Pyramidal orchids.

272
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:04,760
Another garden I'd like to create
is a garden of sea vegetables.

273
00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:08,400
You could have a garden
of wild vegetables.

274
00:22:17,120 --> 00:22:18,840
Poor thing.

275
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:22,280
It's a real cabbage garden.

276
00:22:29,480 --> 00:22:32,920
Sophie eats them in spring.

277
00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:38,760
Plantain leaves like this,
for the minerals.

278
00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:41,400
It was used to combat scurvy.

279
00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,400
It's rich in vitamin C.

280
00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:47,560
There are some in flower there.

281
00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:54,880
Perhaps it was further over there.

282
00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:26,280
Vincent looks as if he's in a valley
of flowers in the Himalaya.

283
00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:30,080
Or in Switzerland.

284
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:35,960
Yes, it's as if he's in the heart of nature
in a sublime setting,

285
00:23:37,360 --> 00:23:38,520
somewhere remote,

286
00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:42,360
not simply on a beach in Normandy.

287
00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:49,080
It's great, you can hear the gulls.

288
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:16,960
This is the sailors' herb.

289
00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:20,960
Go. "Do you know the sailors' herb"?

290
00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:22,720
Do you know the sailors' herb?

291
00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,120
In fact,

292
00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:29,280
it was used to treat scurvy.

293
00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:38,720
People decided they could make mustard
with the seeds.

294
00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:43,040
Quite a mild mustard, I expect.

295
00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:50,640
Yes, it's very good.

296
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:31,280
I really like the second mound,
the repetition with the two mounds.

297
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:33,960
Have a look.
Tell me if you agree with the change.

298
00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:36,520
Yes, you're right.

299
00:25:36,640 --> 00:25:39,160
It's very composed
but it's just so beautiful.

300
00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:40,280
Yes.

301
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:42,160
It's beautiful.

302
00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:54,680
Yes, really beautiful.

303
00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:19,560
Oh, yes.

304
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:23,800
The water level must have been
at least 30 centimetres higher.

305
00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,440
Perhaps it was the sea
that forced the water back up.

306
00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:33,520
We saw muddy beaches
all along the Seine.

307
00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:35,120
It was quite something.

308
00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:40,560
We saw lots of Oenanthe crocata.

309
00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:41,880
It was beautiful.

310
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:44,400
Is that a Callitriche?

311
00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,720
There's another plant there.
That one's not the same.

312
00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:01,720
The companion plant is Silene dioica.

313
00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:04,960
- Yes.
- Silene dioica.

314
00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:10,840
It's so beautiful. It looks like
a Victorian neo-Gothic thing.

315
00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:16,640
That drawing looks like it's done
for the parliament at Westminster,

316
00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:18,200
that neo-Gothic stuff.

317
00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:22,520
It really does,
with acanthus everywhere.

318
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:27,280
You see that style of drawing
in illuminations.

319
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,640
There are drawings like that
in ancient manuscripts.

320
00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:38,240
- Oleracea means vegetable garden?
- Yes.

321
00:27:38,360 --> 00:27:40,920
Yes, and Allium oleraceum
is cultivated onion.

322
00:27:41,040 --> 00:27:44,080
- Brassica oleracea.
- I'm learning Latin here.

323
00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:45,600
Yes. It might come in handy.

324
00:27:47,120 --> 00:27:50,840
Yes, wild cabbage is Brassica oleracea.

325
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:53,120
- The leaf is extraordinary.
- The leaf is really...

326
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:56,600
- Yes, there's a nice light on it.
- Is the flower as beautiful as that?

327
00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:58,080
It's even more beautiful!

328
00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:02,360
Mark, is this meadowsweet distinctive?

329
00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:06,760
It's the meadowsweet
you use for maceration.

330
00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:12,520
Aspirin came from this plant.

331
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:18,080
Willows and meadowsweet grow together
in places where there is malaria.

332
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:21,000
Where there is illness,
you find the remedy in the same spot.

333
00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:24,160
Can you say that again?

334
00:28:25,360 --> 00:28:27,560
Marie loves meadowsweet.

335
00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:32,920
- You need to start again.
- It's one of her favourite flowers.

336
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:38,680
What other properties
does meadowsweet have?

337
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:41,920
Apart from being analgesic.

338
00:28:42,040 --> 00:28:44,720
It's good for the skin
but what can you make with it?

339
00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:45,840
I don't know.

340
00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:51,360
Meadowsweet is one of the classics
of pharmacopoeia.

341
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:00,680
Have you seen all that comfrey?

342
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,080
From here on it's all comfrey.

343
00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:06,560
There's enough to make fritters.

344
00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:11,280
- I like this low angle. It's surprising.
- Really low might look good.

345
00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:17,400
There. A light sprinkling.

346
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,680
With some gardener's-garters.

347
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:22,880
- Gardener's what?
- Gardener's-garters.

348
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,160
Those tall grasses.

349
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:26,680
Sophie likes that name.

350
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:28,560
Yes, but I need to remember it.

351
00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:31,520
There are so many names to remember.

352
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:38,920
It's my favourite plant.

353
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:41,480
- All three at once.
- That's the important thing.

354
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:44,800
- The viewpoint.
- It's beautiful, with the sky behind it.

355
00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:46,520
Perfect. Well done.

356
00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:49,400
Shall we do a close-up on the valerian?

357
00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:52,520
- From the other side.
- Valerian. That's it.

358
00:29:57,880 --> 00:29:59,360
We'll have to raise it again.

359
00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:01,960
Look...

360
00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:05,960
There are insects settling on it.
Hoverflies.

361
00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:07,800
It's another insect.
What is it called?

362
00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:11,160
Are they hoverflies?
There are lots of hoverflies.

363
00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:14,920
Yes, that's a hoverfly.

364
00:30:15,040 --> 00:30:19,760
- No, it's a beetle.
- I don't think it is.

365
00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:21,480
- It's gone.
- Those are hoverflies.

366
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:23,920
That would be extraordinary.

367
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:25,520
It's coming back.

368
00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:31,720
Those are the sorts of insects
you find on parsnips and umbellifers.

369
00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:34,920
Do you prefer it here
where the light is more varied?

370
00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:38,240
I love that scent.

371
00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:53,960
What species did you film
close up like that yesterday?

372
00:30:55,440 --> 00:30:58,400
In the woods
we filmed a lot of orchids.

373
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,040
Blackstonia.

374
00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:07,040
They filmed the cabbage
with runners' calves in front of it

375
00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:10,800
and bryony climbing up the clifftops
among the bracken.

376
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:15,400
It was a beautiful picture
with the sea behind it.

377
00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:19,240
The water was so blue yesterday.

378
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:22,600
What's that beetle called?

379
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:26,480
I have no idea.
I'm not an entomologist.

380
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:27,600
I'm sorry.

381
00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:35,640
Those are hoverflies.

382
00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:38,480
- That's a hoverfly?
- Yes.

383
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:39,880
It has just two wings.

384
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:43,120
Yes, and big eyes. It has no antenna.

385
00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:48,600
It has big eyes, like a housefly.

386
00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:51,040
- It's foraging.
- Yes.

387
00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:52,680
And those are dark bees.

388
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:53,880
Really?

389
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,320
I don't know if that's one of them
but there is a bee called a dark bee.

390
00:31:57,440 --> 00:31:59,240
Really? Where?

391
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:02,440
Back there.

392
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:04,480
Ah, hiding.

393
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:06,480
There.

394
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,160
That's a type of hoverfly.

395
00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:10,720
I'm not so sure.

396
00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:14,040
It's a hoverfly.
It's got a proboscis and big eyes.

397
00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:17,040
It has a proboscis and big eyes,
but I'm not sure.

398
00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:20,080
- I digress.
- No, it's a bee.

399
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:21,320
No, it's a hoverfly.

400
00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:23,600
With those eyes.

401
00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:31,640
I really feel as if I'm on the set
of a Derek Jarman film.

402
00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:38,280
All that's missing is the music
from "The Garden".

403
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:42,240
Oh, yes. Wow.
That's "L'arc d'Iris" right here.

404
00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:46,800
That's why it's important to film them
and not take photos.

405
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:50,080
You get the soul of the plant.

406
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:06,720
It's in the other direction.

407
00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:37,640
There's a small site here, but that's all.

408
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:43,000
And one here.

409
00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:45,680
There are just a few plants here.

410
00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:52,240
There's one here, one there,
and several small ones over there,

411
00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:53,880
and that's it.

412
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:56,040
There's one there and one there.

413
00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:12,080
Oh, my darling.
You're beautiful. I love you.

414
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:15,240
This is Ophioglossum.

415
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:17,400
Magnificent!

416
00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:22,720
Pierre, adder's-tongue.

417
00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:26,480
Over here.

418
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:30,480
Someone's trodden
on a second plant, unfortunately.

419
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:32,920
It's here, and it's sporulating.

420
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:34,960
- A boar.
- Yes.

421
00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:37,560
Human pigs.

422
00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:40,200
It's here.

423
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:42,120
Do you see?

424
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:46,000
Oh, yes.

425
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:57,520
Are all the spores out?

426
00:35:57,640 --> 00:35:59,760
No, they're coming out.

427
00:35:59,880 --> 00:36:03,520
If you touch it,
a little cloud of them will escape.

428
00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:06,560
I've tried not to touch them
to preserve them.

429
00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:07,920
You can see the tongue.

430
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:10,200
Yes, it's a beautiful image.

431
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:17,400
Do you realise how lucky we are
to see this?

432
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:22,800
Can you explain symbiosis again?

433
00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:26,920
Yes, the spores fall onto the ground

434
00:36:28,160 --> 00:36:30,640
and if they land
on the right sort of mushroom,

435
00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:32,000
they grow on top of it.

436
00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:34,040
Mushrooms can live
without Ophioglossum

437
00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:37,920
but Ophioglossum need mushrooms
in order to grow.

438
00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:41,840
The small prothallus develops
in contact with the mushroom.

439
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,400
It can survive underground
for I don't know how many years,

440
00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:47,960
but it's a long time.

441
00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:50,880
And suddenly,
when it's got enough reserves,

442
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,920
when the rhizome is fully formed,

443
00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:54,360
it rises up

444
00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:59,280
and forms a photosynthetic frond.

445
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:05,640
And when it's strong enough,
it starts forming sporophores like that.

446
00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:08,680
And this one is even older?

447
00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:14,520
From what I've read,
I think they're contemporaries.

448
00:37:14,640 --> 00:37:15,760
Meaning?

449
00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:18,000
Over 300 million years old.

450
00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:22,600
They're ferns
from the Carboniferous period.

451
00:37:25,240 --> 00:37:27,160
Are you crying too?

452
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:28,320
Yes.

453
00:37:39,040 --> 00:37:42,400
An achlorophyllous prothallus
is an incredible sight.

454
00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:49,240
That means it lives like seaweed.

455
00:37:49,360 --> 00:37:52,080
Not even seaweed,
almost like a mushroom.

456
00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:56,400
For years, underground, without any light.

457
00:37:56,520 --> 00:37:58,120
Have you taken two shots?

458
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:02,360
We're going to take a third.

459
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:32,800
This is good.

460
00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:34,240
We're on the right path.

461
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:36,800
On the chalk hill.

462
00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:41,160
Oh, that's sublime!

463
00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:44,840
- What is it called?
- Anthericum ramosum.

464
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:49,920
The meadow over there is white with it.

465
00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:52,600
I can see it from here. It's white!

466
00:38:52,720 --> 00:38:54,280
We'd better go up there.

467
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:56,760
Even here it's sublime.

468
00:38:56,880 --> 00:38:59,640
You'll see, the meadow is white.

469
00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:01,960
We're slap bang in the middle of it.

470
00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:04,520
It's an extremely rare plant.

471
00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:08,280
- Yes, I've never seen it before.
- It's not often that you get to see it.

472
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:11,280
- Anthericum?
- A-n-t-h-e-r-i...

473
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:13,600
- Anthericum.
- Antheri...

474
00:39:13,720 --> 00:39:15,480
Anthericum. Yes, that's right.

475
00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:26,880
When I was a boy,
I was fascinated by this plant.

476
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:31,280
There was this place where it grew,
a former marl pit.

477
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,280
I don't know why
but I was hypnotised by those plants.

478
00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:39,040
When you're small, you see the details,
and I saw the pattern on it.

479
00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:42,280
I was hypnotised by those little dots.

480
00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:46,920
Oh, my God!

481
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:52,480
No need to go to the Alps, Pierre.

482
00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:57,000
It's magical.

483
00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,360
People aren't going to believe
the images in this film.

484
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,360
Bringing someone here to make love...

485
00:40:08,480 --> 00:40:11,160
It's the dream place for that.

486
00:40:11,280 --> 00:40:14,240
It's so poetic.

487
00:40:14,360 --> 00:40:17,200
He brought me here,
not the other way round.

488
00:40:18,320 --> 00:40:19,520
Can you imagine?

489
00:40:21,560 --> 00:40:23,720
It's a place he loved.

490
00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:26,040
He used to come here
when he was young.

491
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:29,040
He brought me here
to a place he loved.

492
00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:31,760
Remind me what that grass is called, Mark.

493
00:40:31,880 --> 00:40:34,040
Carex nigra.

494
00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:37,600
When he left me, it was awful.

495
00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:47,840
Do you have a new notebook?

496
00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:50,600
Yes, it's my book of dreams.

497
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:52,760
I brought it to take to Mark's house.

498
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:03,520
I've never seen them
looking as beautiful as this.

499
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:58,080
The Dawn of Flowers

500
00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:22,400
You find them in hollows like that.

501
00:42:23,480 --> 00:42:25,080
There are some on both sides.

502
00:42:47,720 --> 00:42:51,080
It's the same horsetail
as at L'Aube des Fleurs,

503
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,560
only it's small, like this.

504
00:42:55,960 --> 00:43:02,720
This is well over 300 million years old.
400 million years even.

505
00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:05,920
These were the first plants on Earth.

506
00:43:06,040 --> 00:43:08,160
The Ophioglossum wasn't born yet.

507
00:43:13,360 --> 00:43:16,440
I think there's one at the end.

508
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:23,960
If global warming continues,
they'll disappear.

509
00:43:24,080 --> 00:43:27,960
Everyone says horsetail is invasive,

510
00:43:28,080 --> 00:43:30,800
but that's not true.

511
00:43:30,920 --> 00:43:33,320
It has survived for hundreds
of millions of years

512
00:43:33,440 --> 00:43:35,600
only to find itself

513
00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:39,720
at a dead end
thanks to human beings.

514
00:43:46,280 --> 00:43:50,520
They used to be classified
according to the number of cotyledons

515
00:43:50,640 --> 00:43:53,960
but now they're classified
according to the form of the pollen.

516
00:43:54,080 --> 00:43:58,080
One opening, three openings, or more.

517
00:43:59,280 --> 00:44:00,800
It's the score.

518
00:44:01,920 --> 00:44:05,440
All early flowering plants,
including monocotyledons,

519
00:44:05,560 --> 00:44:09,280
are classified by the form of their pollen
which has just one opening.

520
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:12,240
Then you've got eudicots which have...

521
00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:15,680
...three openings or even more.

522
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:19,520
That's why I'm always talking
about eudicots.

523
00:44:19,640 --> 00:44:23,200
We'll see them in situ,
because all these plants

524
00:44:23,320 --> 00:44:25,880
are part of the project.

525
00:44:32,720 --> 00:44:36,760
Let's go and see the horsetail
and the Selaginella.

526
00:44:40,560 --> 00:44:43,960
That's not Isoetes, it's Marsilea.

527
00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:46,200
It has no leaflets, just the stalk.

528
00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:49,760
It's a really primitive fern.

529
00:44:49,880 --> 00:44:52,720
You've got a lovely blanket of Marsilea

530
00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:56,520
which I planted here
because of the spring water.

531
00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:59,600
It likes to live like an amphibian.

532
00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:06,080
Fish used to slither
through this landscape,

533
00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:07,440
coming out of the water.

534
00:45:12,520 --> 00:45:16,120
This was before
frogs and salamanders existed.

535
00:45:19,240 --> 00:45:22,880
The only living creatures
were invertebrates.

536
00:45:26,160 --> 00:45:29,880
Do you see the spores
coming out of the tip there?

537
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:34,800
In every little axil
there are what we call microphylls,

538
00:45:34,920 --> 00:45:37,360
because they're not real leaves yet.

539
00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:40,600
It's just a patch of green
which performs the photosynthesis.

540
00:45:40,720 --> 00:45:44,040
There were no leaves back then.

541
00:45:44,160 --> 00:45:49,880
You can see a little yellow ball
behind each layer.

542
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:54,320
Those are the spores. It's the same system
as for the Ophioglossum.

543
00:46:01,640 --> 00:46:03,880
That's Saratoga.

544
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:05,520
And that's Assignata.

545
00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:12,560
The leaves aren't as jagged

546
00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:18,800
as the ginkgos used to be,
but they don't exist anymore.

547
00:46:18,920 --> 00:46:23,520
There might be way to bring them back
one day with genetics.

548
00:46:30,760 --> 00:46:33,960
Francis Hallé puts it so well

549
00:46:35,320 --> 00:46:37,160
in "Éloge de la plante".

550
00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:40,960
He explains that in trees,

551
00:46:41,080 --> 00:46:43,160
there is a whole...

552
00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:47,440
pool of...

553
00:46:47,560 --> 00:46:49,040
What do they call it?

554
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,080
A gene pool.

555
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:56,280
Each part is slightly different
genetically,

556
00:46:56,400 --> 00:47:01,160
even on regular trees, on angiosperms.

557
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:07,200
There is a whole range of genomes,
that's the word I was looking for,

558
00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:08,760
on a tree.

559
00:47:10,440 --> 00:47:13,200
They all act slightly differently.

560
00:47:13,320 --> 00:47:16,800
He discovered in the Amazonian rainforest

561
00:47:16,920 --> 00:47:20,680
that tree sap is tidal
and fluctuates according to the moon.

562
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,840
The sap rises and falls
with the phases of the moon.

563
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:25,280
When the moon passes,

564
00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:29,640
the sap rises and falls once a day,

565
00:47:29,760 --> 00:47:33,200
just like the water in the oceans.

566
00:47:33,760 --> 00:47:38,720
The forests are so vast
that the sap is governed by the moon.

567
00:47:38,840 --> 00:47:42,640
It's beautiful to think
that sap is tidal, like the sea.

568
00:47:47,360 --> 00:47:50,760
Right, how are we going to do this?

569
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,400
It would make more sense
if we did them in evolutionary order.

570
00:47:55,520 --> 00:48:00,200
When this appeared,
there were no bay trees or magnolias.

571
00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:06,120
All that was here
was the Illicium and Calycanthus.

572
00:48:10,120 --> 00:48:11,840
It's a strange wood.

573
00:48:23,760 --> 00:48:26,160
This is Illicium Henryi.

574
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:31,200
Little red flowers.

575
00:48:34,320 --> 00:48:36,560
This is the last Illicium in flower.

576
00:48:38,280 --> 00:48:40,680
It's like a shrub version of a water lily.

577
00:48:45,080 --> 00:48:47,320
I'll put my glasses on
so I can see it more clearly.

578
00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:57,520
It's a shame the Illicium floridanum
has just finished flowering.

579
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:00,000
This is the last one to flower.

580
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:05,560
As you can see, there is no difference
between the sepals and the petals.

581
00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:10,320
They spiral around one another.

582
00:49:10,440 --> 00:49:14,000
There is an indeterminate number
of floral elements.

583
00:49:19,080 --> 00:49:22,480
It's red, like the first flowers,

584
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:24,720
like Calycanthus,

585
00:49:24,840 --> 00:49:25,920
or green.

586
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:30,200
There are lots of little beetles in it.

587
00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:32,560
That's the pollination.

588
00:49:34,960 --> 00:49:37,000
You can probably see it better
on tulip trees,

589
00:49:37,120 --> 00:49:41,000
but this is even more primitive
than a tulip tree.

590
00:49:41,120 --> 00:49:43,240
You need to come towards me a bit, Mark.

591
00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:45,480
- There.
- Let's see.

592
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:50,040
There are no filaments,
just lamellae with pollen on the side.

593
00:49:50,160 --> 00:49:52,080
Look at all those beetles coming out.

594
00:49:57,920 --> 00:50:02,280
And it's a spiral. It's always a spiral.

595
00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:06,280
The light...

596
00:50:08,160 --> 00:50:09,960
It's moving all the time.

597
00:50:10,080 --> 00:50:14,000
That's exactly the same thing.
It's in a spiral. It's red.

598
00:50:14,120 --> 00:50:16,040
There are no filaments.

599
00:50:16,160 --> 00:50:18,800
It's the same structure.

600
00:51:32,880 --> 00:51:34,720
Yes, yes, very good.

601
00:51:36,760 --> 00:51:39,320
Mark's voice is very soothing to listen to.

602
00:51:56,080 --> 00:51:59,600
There's a little beetle inside.

603
00:51:59,720 --> 00:52:02,360
- Where is it from?
- China.

604
00:52:02,480 --> 00:52:06,760
Lots of very primitive plants
come from China or the United States.

605
00:52:06,880 --> 00:52:09,920
Quite a few come from Chile too.

606
00:52:10,040 --> 00:52:13,080
It's because of the configuration
of the mountains.

607
00:52:14,280 --> 00:52:16,680
Yes, it's really over.

608
00:52:17,560 --> 00:52:19,160
It's really over.

609
00:52:23,080 --> 00:52:24,840
There is just one reel left.

610
00:52:28,320 --> 00:52:30,440
It would be good to do a Berberis

611
00:52:30,560 --> 00:52:32,640
and then I think that will be all.

612
00:52:39,640 --> 00:52:43,000
Berberis, barberry family.

613
00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:46,720
There must be a Berberis
in bloom somewhere.

614
00:52:46,840 --> 00:52:49,280
There is always one flowering somewhere.

615
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:53,120
Let me think, there must be
a Mahonia in bloom or something.

616
00:52:53,240 --> 00:52:56,800
Oh, look here.
The Mexican Mahonia is in flower.

617
00:52:56,920 --> 00:52:58,080
Splendid.

618
00:52:59,120 --> 00:53:02,600
What's that Mahonia called?
Russeliana. I've just planted it.

619
00:53:02,720 --> 00:53:05,720
It's the only Mahonia with white flowers.

620
00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:07,320
There.

621
00:53:07,440 --> 00:53:09,800
- Which one? That one?
- The cream-coloured one.

622
00:53:09,920 --> 00:53:11,800
You can take it wherever you like.

623
00:53:14,520 --> 00:53:16,960
I just planted it this winter.

624
00:53:17,080 --> 00:53:18,720
- Is this the last shot?
- Yes.

625
00:53:28,480 --> 00:53:31,200
We'll have the low wall round the edges.

626
00:53:50,680 --> 00:53:53,840
Does it need to be a close-up
so we can see the leaf?

627
00:53:53,960 --> 00:53:57,800
If you don't want
to see the wall behind it.

628
00:53:57,920 --> 00:54:01,560
All the other Mahonia are yellow.

629
00:54:01,680 --> 00:54:05,800
There are some red ones too, or orange.

630
00:54:05,920 --> 00:54:09,800
But this is the only one I know
which has creamy white flowers like this.

631
00:54:09,920 --> 00:54:11,720
There may be others.

632
00:54:11,840 --> 00:54:14,000
There's one over there
but it has never flowered.

633
00:54:14,120 --> 00:54:16,640
This one flowered
as soon as I planted it out.

634
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:21,480
I've looked, but I've never seen it flower.

635
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:24,640
It's here.

636
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:29,280
It's growing well,
but it hasn't flowered.

637
00:54:30,520 --> 00:54:33,760
They produce pale white flowers too.

638
00:54:33,880 --> 00:54:36,880
It's really shot up.

639
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:38,560
It's exploded.

640
00:54:38,680 --> 00:54:43,040
I've been worried about it for ages,
thinking, "Why aren't you growing?"

641
00:54:43,160 --> 00:54:46,040
I'm going to put the fern back there
because it seems to like that.

642
00:54:51,960 --> 00:54:55,920
People don't really like Mahonia
because they are prickly.

643
00:54:57,400 --> 00:54:58,760
They smell lovely.

644
00:54:58,880 --> 00:55:00,120
They're melliferous too.

645
00:55:00,240 --> 00:55:02,480
Absolutely.

646
00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:04,720
Anything from the barberry family.

647
00:55:09,080 --> 00:55:10,680
That's lovely.

648
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:13,520
You can see the wall behind it
but it's still beautiful.

649
00:55:15,760 --> 00:55:17,920
- Too much?
- Not too much. I like it.

650
00:55:18,040 --> 00:55:19,760
- What can you see?
- I like it.

651
00:55:19,880 --> 00:55:23,440
It's blurred.
You're focussing on the Mahonia.

652
00:55:27,880 --> 00:55:29,960
It's beautiful so it doesn't matter.

653
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:34,240
There's a bee.

654
00:55:34,360 --> 00:55:35,760
Really?

655
00:55:37,080 --> 00:55:40,040
Oh, yes. So you're filming over there?

656
00:55:41,960 --> 00:55:44,600
Right. Very good.

657
00:55:44,720 --> 00:55:46,440
- Are you happy with that, Mark ?
- Yes.

658
00:55:47,840 --> 00:55:50,840
My eyes are starting to get tired.

659
00:55:50,960 --> 00:55:53,920
I'm struggling to focus.

660
00:55:58,880 --> 00:56:00,640
With this sun too.

661
00:56:05,440 --> 00:56:08,120
Do you think this one comes from Asia?

662
00:56:08,240 --> 00:56:10,640
No, only Mexico,

663
00:56:10,760 --> 00:56:13,120
from the sierras of central Mexico.

664
00:56:18,040 --> 00:56:21,000
It's James Russell who went
to collect plants from there.

665
00:56:21,120 --> 00:56:25,120
This was in the 1970s,
or around that time.

666
00:56:25,240 --> 00:56:29,760
He realised that in those mountains
there were lots of hardy perennials.

667
00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:35,320
It's a really interesting place
to collect plants at a high altitude,

668
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:40,920
such as Mahonia and oak trees,
all sorts of plants

669
00:56:41,040 --> 00:56:42,560
which are perfectly hardy over here.

670
00:56:42,680 --> 00:56:44,560
Did you say the 1970s?

671
00:56:44,680 --> 00:56:48,440
Yes, something like that.
He went to Mexico on his own.

672
00:56:50,160 --> 00:56:51,560
Are you ready?

673
00:56:51,680 --> 00:56:53,400
- For the last shot. Ready?
- Are you ready?

674
00:56:53,520 --> 00:56:54,920
Yes.

675
00:56:55,920 --> 00:56:57,680
Go on. Let's pray.

676
00:56:57,800 --> 00:56:59,040
It's filming.

677
00:57:04,120 --> 00:57:05,680
It's emotional.

678
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:08,320
These seven days of happiness are over.

679
00:57:08,440 --> 00:57:09,600
Yes.

680
00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:10,960
Before we see what comes next.

681
00:57:11,080 --> 00:57:12,160
Yes.

682
00:57:19,960 --> 00:57:22,040
We could do more.

683
00:57:22,160 --> 00:57:24,480
Yes, we could do more.

684
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:31,600
There's always an ending.

685
00:57:35,680 --> 00:57:38,000
There. No more film left.

686
00:57:39,360 --> 00:57:41,880
Very good. Well done.

687
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:43,600
I didn't hear it go.

688
00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:49,320
There. No more film.

689
00:57:49,440 --> 00:57:51,320
- So good. Well done.
- There.

690
00:57:55,840 --> 00:57:57,880
Thank you, thank you, thank you.

691
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:05,400
Thank you, Sophie.

692
00:58:09,120 --> 00:58:10,200
Arnaud.

693
00:58:12,320 --> 00:58:15,920
What an adventure!
We'll remember it for a long time.

694
00:58:34,920 --> 00:58:40,360
herbarium

695
00:58:47,120 --> 00:58:49,720
Can you tell us
the names of the flowers, Mark?

696
00:58:49,840 --> 00:58:50,840
Yes.

697
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:55,080
Dioscorea communis.

698
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:56,440
Tamus comnunis.

699
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:00,440
Black bryony.

700
00:59:00,560 --> 00:59:02,760
From the Dioscoreaceae family.

701
00:59:19,160 --> 00:59:21,040
Epipactis helleborine.

702
00:59:25,360 --> 00:59:26,840
And the popular name?

703
00:59:28,160 --> 00:59:29,240
I don't know.

704
00:59:32,120 --> 00:59:34,920
You mean common name.

705
00:59:35,040 --> 00:59:36,520
Sorry, the common name.

706
00:59:38,080 --> 00:59:42,000
Is it related to the hellebore
if it's called helleborine

707
00:59:42,120 --> 00:59:43,320
or is it unrelated?

708
00:59:43,440 --> 00:59:46,280
That's why I rarely use the vernacular

709
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:48,880
because it can be misleading.

710
00:59:50,120 --> 00:59:52,000
What family is it in?

711
00:59:52,120 --> 00:59:54,320
Orchids.

712
01:00:01,040 --> 01:00:02,400
Is it in full bloom there?

713
01:00:02,520 --> 01:00:03,920
No, in bud.

714
01:00:11,160 --> 01:00:13,160
Look at that beautiful bramble.

715
01:00:13,280 --> 01:00:15,600
We'll never know
the name of the species.

716
01:00:18,120 --> 01:00:19,720
There are hundreds of them.

717
01:00:20,920 --> 01:00:23,200
Give us its Latin name, Mark.

718
01:00:23,320 --> 01:00:27,360
Rubus, but since it's an apomictic family,

719
01:00:27,480 --> 01:00:30,960
which reproduces on its own,

720
01:00:31,080 --> 01:00:33,960
every time a new plant is born,

721
01:00:34,080 --> 01:00:36,120
it's almost as if it was a new species.

722
01:00:36,880 --> 01:00:38,480
It self-pollinates.

723
01:00:43,320 --> 01:00:46,960
Rubus ulmifolius.

724
01:00:47,080 --> 01:00:49,160
Elmleaf blackberry.

725
01:00:50,760 --> 01:00:52,840
Rosaceae family.

726
01:00:56,520 --> 01:00:59,800
There are lots of beetles on it.

727
01:01:03,520 --> 01:01:05,640
And the pollen is yellow,

728
01:01:05,760 --> 01:01:11,560
a colour which attracts
that tiny species of beetle.

729
01:01:11,680 --> 01:01:14,280
Pollen beetles in English.

730
01:01:19,320 --> 01:01:20,640
Impatiens.

731
01:01:26,920 --> 01:01:30,560
We thought it was a native balsam,

732
01:01:30,680 --> 01:01:32,480
but it's actually a balsam from the Cape.

733
01:01:32,600 --> 01:01:35,040
Impatiens capensis,

734
01:01:35,160 --> 01:01:41,520
which is invasive
but very similar to Impatiens noli-tangere,

735
01:01:42,400 --> 01:01:44,360
touch-me-not balsam.

736
01:02:06,440 --> 01:02:08,560
Urtica dioica,

737
01:02:08,680 --> 01:02:11,080
subspecies galeopsifolia.

738
01:02:13,040 --> 01:02:15,080
Stingless nettle.

739
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:17,320
Urticaceae family.

740
01:02:28,280 --> 01:02:31,400
Lythrum salicaria. Purple loosestrife.

741
01:02:31,520 --> 01:02:33,560
The same family as the pomegranate tree.

742
01:02:47,080 --> 01:02:48,800
Lythraceae family.

743
01:03:02,960 --> 01:03:06,080
I've forgotten the name of that one.

744
01:03:06,200 --> 01:03:08,800
It's an Oenanthe.

745
01:03:08,920 --> 01:03:11,080
I've forgotten which species.

746
01:03:23,320 --> 01:03:26,360
We found it in the Atlas
during the shoot.

747
01:03:26,480 --> 01:03:28,800
- Yes, I remember.
- Say its name.

748
01:03:28,920 --> 01:03:30,640
It's Oenanthe.

749
01:03:30,760 --> 01:03:32,480
- That's all I know.
- Oenanthe.

750
01:03:34,640 --> 01:03:37,720
O-e-n-a-n-t-h-e.

751
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:44,200
A highly toxic plant.

752
01:03:54,440 --> 01:03:56,160
Oenanthe crocata.

753
01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:00,720
Hemlock water-dropwort.

754
01:04:03,880 --> 01:04:05,560
Apiaceae family.

755
01:04:24,280 --> 01:04:27,680
It's lovely seeing
all those beetles beavering away.

756
01:04:50,760 --> 01:04:54,080
Is that Torelis japonica?
I can't quite remember.

757
01:04:58,440 --> 01:05:00,280
Was that in Aizier?

758
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:01,440
Yes.

759
01:05:02,760 --> 01:05:05,080
I don't remember seeing that there.

760
01:05:11,520 --> 01:05:13,680
- Purple loosestrife again.
- Yes.

761
01:05:19,160 --> 01:05:20,600
On the banks of the Seine.

762
01:05:53,160 --> 01:05:55,720
We were looking for orchids there

763
01:05:57,680 --> 01:06:01,920
but unfortunately
they'd been eaten by pigs.

764
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:15,840
What's that grass? I've forgotten.

765
01:06:15,960 --> 01:06:18,080
There was one particular one, remember?

766
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:20,160
- No, I don't remember.
- No?

767
01:06:29,880 --> 01:06:32,920
Alopecurus bulbosus.

768
01:06:33,040 --> 01:06:35,880
Bulbous foxtail, Poaceae family.

769
01:06:37,760 --> 01:06:39,880
A bluish grass.

770
01:06:43,480 --> 01:06:45,320
Oh, yes, it was that one.

771
01:06:46,520 --> 01:06:49,920
It is quite a rare grass.
I think it's a type of...

772
01:06:51,200 --> 01:06:53,880
I might say something stupid.
I can't remember.

773
01:06:57,200 --> 01:06:59,760
Hordeum secalinum.

774
01:06:59,880 --> 01:07:02,680
Meadow barley.

775
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:04,480
Poaceae family.

776
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:11,920
That's marshmallow.

777
01:07:12,920 --> 01:07:15,440
You can see we're in the marshes.

778
01:07:15,560 --> 01:07:18,680
It's a plant that needs a lot of water.

779
01:07:19,960 --> 01:07:22,200
Althea officinalis.

780
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:30,360
All those different greens.
It's magnificent

781
01:07:34,960 --> 01:07:37,160
Althea officinalis.

782
01:07:37,960 --> 01:07:39,960
Marshmallow.

783
01:07:43,040 --> 01:07:44,680
Malvaceae family.

784
01:07:57,640 --> 01:07:59,360
Bladderwort.

785
01:08:00,240 --> 01:08:01,840
A carnivorous plant.

786
01:08:04,680 --> 01:08:06,720
With only the flower above the water level.

787
01:08:14,040 --> 01:08:16,040
Utricularia vulgaris.

788
01:08:17,840 --> 01:08:19,560
Common bladderwort.

789
01:08:21,840 --> 01:08:24,800
Lentibulariaceae family.

790
01:08:35,440 --> 01:08:37,040
Here's the Baldellia.

791
01:08:39,040 --> 01:08:41,200
Baldellia ranunculoides.

792
01:08:45,560 --> 01:08:49,200
That's it in its vegetative state.

793
01:08:49,320 --> 01:08:53,440
It's aquatic. In winter
it can be mistaken for quillwort.

794
01:09:03,040 --> 01:09:06,800
It's the only site in Normandy
where you find this plant.

795
01:09:14,800 --> 01:09:17,040
Baldellia ranunculoides.

796
01:09:18,720 --> 01:09:21,040
Lesser water-plantain.

797
01:09:23,440 --> 01:09:25,640
Alismataceae family.

798
01:09:28,760 --> 01:09:31,400
That's the tall sedge, Carex.

799
01:09:35,920 --> 01:09:38,360
I can't remember the name of the species.

800
01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:43,400
Possibly Carex paniculata.

801
01:09:47,360 --> 01:09:49,000
Carex paniculata.

802
01:09:49,120 --> 01:09:51,000
Greater tussock-sedge.

803
01:09:51,120 --> 01:09:52,520
Cyperaceae family.

804
01:09:55,200 --> 01:09:56,640
Rootless duckweed,

805
01:10:00,160 --> 01:10:02,880
which is from the arum family, curiously.

806
01:10:06,560 --> 01:10:10,080
The smallest flower in the world.
Wolffia arrhiza.

807
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:13,680
Rootless duckweed, Araceae family.

808
01:10:17,640 --> 01:10:20,640
That's the royal fern, Osmonde Regalis.

809
01:10:27,720 --> 01:10:30,200
A protected species in France.

810
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:42,280
The fertile parts are red in that picture.

811
01:10:45,880 --> 01:10:47,520
A fern from the Carboniferous era,

812
01:10:47,640 --> 01:10:52,080
so it's about 400 million years old.

813
01:11:00,040 --> 01:11:02,960
The spores are only viable for 24 hours.

814
01:11:03,080 --> 01:11:05,880
You can see the fertile part
which is green there.

815
01:11:06,600 --> 01:11:08,480
That's chlorophyll.

816
01:11:10,280 --> 01:11:13,040
We should see the spores coming out.

817
01:11:15,080 --> 01:11:18,280
They only have 24 hours to germinate.

818
01:11:19,800 --> 01:11:21,400
Drosera.

819
01:11:23,560 --> 01:11:27,040
Drosera rotundifolia.
Another carnivorous plant.

820
01:11:28,440 --> 01:11:31,120
Since there is no nitrogen in the soil,

821
01:11:31,240 --> 01:11:35,560
they make their own nitrogen
from dead insects.

822
01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:38,440
What a trap!

823
01:11:48,960 --> 01:11:50,000
Those are the leaves.

824
01:11:52,440 --> 01:11:56,000
It's also known as sundew,

825
01:11:58,040 --> 01:11:59,240
as in dew.

826
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:05,400
It looks like there is dew
condensed onto the leaves

827
01:12:05,520 --> 01:12:09,640
but in fact it's the plant's gastric juices

828
01:12:09,760 --> 01:12:12,560
which trap the flies and eat them.

829
01:12:15,520 --> 01:12:20,400
The flower is much taller
than the leaves

830
01:12:20,520 --> 01:12:23,680
so pollinating insects don't get trapped.

831
01:12:52,640 --> 01:12:59,800
This is what happens when an invasive plant
overtakes the native flora.

832
01:13:02,480 --> 01:13:03,880
It stifles everything.

833
01:13:09,480 --> 01:13:12,400
Reynoutria japonica.

834
01:13:12,520 --> 01:13:15,080
Japanese knotweed.

835
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:17,280
Polygonaceae family.

836
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:22,400
That's the singers' herb.

837
01:13:26,040 --> 01:13:28,400
To clear the throat.

838
01:13:31,760 --> 01:13:34,600
Sisymbrium officinale,

839
01:13:34,720 --> 01:13:38,240
mentioned in Charlemagne's
"Capitulaire De Villis".

840
01:13:40,720 --> 01:13:42,640
Sisymbrium officinale.

841
01:13:42,760 --> 01:13:45,520
Hedge mustard, Brassicaceae family.

842
01:13:47,360 --> 01:13:49,880
With Torilis japonica.

843
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,520
Erect hedge parsley.

844
01:13:53,760 --> 01:13:57,160
Or Japanese hedge parsley.
Apiaceae family.

845
01:14:16,680 --> 01:14:19,880
Chrithium maritimum or rock samphire.

846
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:22,520
A delicious plant.

847
01:14:22,640 --> 01:14:24,960
It has a slightly salty taste.

848
01:14:34,040 --> 01:14:36,640
A plant that people used to pick and eat.

849
01:14:38,520 --> 01:14:40,600
Now that's forbidden.

850
01:14:40,720 --> 01:14:42,560
A protected species.

851
01:14:46,480 --> 01:14:49,840
It always grows on the coast

852
01:14:49,960 --> 01:14:52,880
in rocky places like this.

853
01:14:59,760 --> 01:15:02,000
Crithium maritimum.

854
01:15:02,120 --> 01:15:04,960
Rock samphire or sea fennel.

855
01:15:06,960 --> 01:15:08,560
Apiaceae family.

856
01:15:22,360 --> 01:15:24,720
Bristly horned poppy,

857
01:15:24,840 --> 01:15:26,960
Glaucium corniculatum.

858
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:33,880
A plant that is gradually disappearing
from our coastlines, unfortunately.

859
01:15:40,960 --> 01:15:44,000
Poppy family with extraordinary seeds.

860
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:48,080
They're very, very long.

861
01:15:51,400 --> 01:15:52,720
A beautiful yellow.

862
01:16:02,320 --> 01:16:06,040
A sea carrot in the blue fescue.

863
01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:13,400
A little grassy corner,

864
01:16:13,520 --> 01:16:14,920
exposed to sea spray.

865
01:16:15,040 --> 01:16:18,080
The only two plants there
which can withstand it.

866
01:16:21,360 --> 01:16:23,880
A plant that is endemic to our coastline.

867
01:16:30,240 --> 01:16:35,440
Rock fescue. Festuca rubra,
subspecies pruinosa.

868
01:16:35,560 --> 01:16:37,080
Poaceae family.

869
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:42,880
And Daucus carota,
subspecies gummifer.

870
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:46,000
Sea carrot.

871
01:16:47,040 --> 01:16:48,640
Apiaceae family.

872
01:16:56,880 --> 01:17:02,200
A Galega officinalis station.

873
01:17:05,960 --> 01:17:09,400
A plant you don't expect
to see in that location.

874
01:17:13,240 --> 01:17:15,880
Galega officinalis.

875
01:17:16,000 --> 01:17:18,120
Goat's-rue.

876
01:17:18,240 --> 01:17:21,240
Galega. Fabaceae family.

877
01:17:30,240 --> 01:17:34,240
That's Glebionis.

878
01:17:41,960 --> 01:17:43,760
Corn marigold.

879
01:17:47,720 --> 01:17:51,800
A plant that is not liked by farmers.

880
01:17:54,440 --> 01:17:56,840
But it does absolutely no harm to crops.

881
01:17:58,200 --> 01:18:02,080
Our fields should be covered
in corn marigolds,

882
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:06,000
poppies and cornflowers.

883
01:18:08,920 --> 01:18:12,400
The farmers don't like that
so we have sterilised fields.

884
01:18:29,320 --> 01:18:32,600
Ophrys apifera, bee orchid.

885
01:18:38,360 --> 01:18:41,520
The labellum in the shape of a bee

886
01:18:41,640 --> 01:18:45,720
which emits the pheromones
of female bees

887
01:18:48,600 --> 01:18:52,120
to attract the males
to ensure pollination.

888
01:18:59,680 --> 01:19:01,240
Ophrys apifera.

889
01:19:02,040 --> 01:19:04,000
Bee orchid.

890
01:19:04,120 --> 01:19:05,720
Orchidaceae family.

891
01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:13,880
It was sublime.

892
01:19:19,920 --> 01:19:22,760
Dactylorhiza maculata.

893
01:19:22,880 --> 01:19:24,360
Thousands of them.

894
01:19:27,920 --> 01:19:29,520
On poor soil.

895
01:19:31,960 --> 01:19:38,720
They multiply thanks to the symbiosis
they have with a mushroom.

896
01:20:06,720 --> 01:20:09,760
You can clearly see the leaves
that give it its name.

897
01:20:09,880 --> 01:20:12,360
Heath spotted orchids
are definitely spotted.

898
01:20:23,720 --> 01:20:26,360
Normally the spots are much smaller.

899
01:20:43,440 --> 01:20:45,880
Dactylorhiza maculata.

900
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:49,560
Heath spotted orchid
or moorland spotted orchid.

901
01:20:49,680 --> 01:20:51,680
Orchid family.

902
01:20:51,800 --> 01:20:53,040
Orchidaceae.

903
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:04,400
Bryonia doica.

904
01:21:05,800 --> 01:21:10,040
White bryony, or just bryony.

905
01:21:10,160 --> 01:21:12,520
Cucurbitaceae family.

906
01:21:20,520 --> 01:21:23,760
That's probably a male plant with pollen.

907
01:21:34,520 --> 01:21:38,360
An example of preglacial tropical flora.

908
01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:42,960
The last surviving cucurbit in France.

909
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:50,560
That's Anthyllis.

910
01:21:50,680 --> 01:21:52,720
Anthyllis vulneraria.

911
01:21:54,080 --> 01:21:55,880
A plant that heals wounds.

912
01:21:57,240 --> 01:22:01,720
Also known as woundwort.

913
01:22:06,560 --> 01:22:09,760
Vulneraria as in vulnerable.
It has the same root.

914
01:22:14,720 --> 01:22:16,800
Orobranche.

915
01:22:16,920 --> 01:22:19,000
Probably Orobranche minor.

916
01:22:20,160 --> 01:22:22,800
A plant which grows on clover.

917
01:22:25,720 --> 01:22:29,360
Blackstonia perfoliata,
from the Gentianaceae family.

918
01:22:30,240 --> 01:22:35,680
Found in chalky areas.
It only grows on limestone.

919
01:22:38,240 --> 01:22:41,680
The foliage is glaucous
to withstand the sea spray.

920
01:22:45,520 --> 01:22:48,480
A protective layer of wax.

921
01:22:54,320 --> 01:22:58,360
The flower never opens
much more than that, curiously.

922
01:23:13,640 --> 01:23:15,440
Sea beet.

923
01:23:15,560 --> 01:23:17,360
A very fleshy plant.

924
01:23:17,480 --> 01:23:23,080
A plump plant which can withstand
the osmotic pressure of the sea spray.

925
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:25,760
It has very fleshy leaves.

926
01:23:27,920 --> 01:23:30,600
Beta vulgaris subspecies maritima.

927
01:23:30,720 --> 01:23:34,480
Sea beetroot. Chenopodiaceae family.

928
01:23:51,840 --> 01:23:53,400
That's the Sâane river.

929
01:24:00,920 --> 01:24:04,200
A dark red plant
which is pollinated by wasps,

930
01:24:05,680 --> 01:24:11,040
attracted by the rather strange scent
and the very dark red colour.

931
01:24:15,800 --> 01:24:19,120
It's a shame
we didn't see any wasps fly past.

932
01:24:23,080 --> 01:24:25,680
Scrophularia auriculata.

933
01:24:26,720 --> 01:24:29,360
Water figwort.

934
01:24:29,480 --> 01:24:31,480
Scrophulariaceae family.

935
01:24:37,640 --> 01:24:39,520
Valerian.

936
01:24:44,200 --> 01:24:49,160
A plant that promotes sleep.

937
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:51,560
Very effective.

938
01:24:55,240 --> 01:24:58,200
Valeriana repens.

939
01:24:58,320 --> 01:25:02,240
Vandal root or cat's valerian.

940
01:25:02,360 --> 01:25:04,880
Valerianaceae family.

941
01:25:14,360 --> 01:25:18,000
Phalaris arundinacea.

942
01:25:18,120 --> 01:25:20,400
Gardener's-garters
or reed canary grass.

943
01:25:22,720 --> 01:25:24,240
Poaceae family.

944
01:25:28,280 --> 01:25:34,280
That's rough chervil.
Chareophyllum depressum, I think.

945
01:25:39,760 --> 01:25:42,720
Chareophyllum temulum.

946
01:25:42,840 --> 01:25:44,880
Rough chervil.

947
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:46,840
Apiaceae family.

948
01:25:56,440 --> 01:25:58,320
Crambe maritime.

949
01:25:58,440 --> 01:25:59,920
Sea kale.

950
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:03,560
Brassicaceae family.

951
01:26:03,680 --> 01:26:07,560
They transplanted it here from Paluel

952
01:26:07,680 --> 01:26:12,200
when they built the sea wall
for the nuclear power station.

953
01:26:12,320 --> 01:26:15,040
They were obliged to salvage these plants

954
01:26:15,160 --> 01:26:17,960
since they are
a protected species in France.

955
01:26:18,080 --> 01:26:19,960
They brought them to Sainte-Marguerite.

956
01:26:21,280 --> 01:26:27,440
The fruits have a cork-like quality.

957
01:26:27,560 --> 01:26:31,000
They get carried away by the currents

958
01:26:31,120 --> 01:26:36,120
and deposited further along the beach
to germinate.

959
01:26:39,320 --> 01:26:41,040
The leaves are always blue-green,

960
01:26:41,160 --> 01:26:44,640
with a waxy layer
to withstand the sea spray.

961
01:26:54,320 --> 01:26:56,600
A sturdy leaf
which doesn't move much.

962
01:26:56,720 --> 01:26:58,040
It is wind-resistant.

963
01:26:59,040 --> 01:27:00,360
Nice and thick.

964
01:27:14,240 --> 01:27:16,760
Still in Sainte-Marguerite.
That's greater knapweed.

965
01:27:16,880 --> 01:27:19,080
Centaurea scabiosa.

966
01:27:22,720 --> 01:27:26,800
It's a very melliferous plant
but it is loved by butterflies.

967
01:27:26,920 --> 01:27:29,120
There are always lots of butterflies on it.

968
01:27:32,440 --> 01:27:37,160
Centaurea scabiosa.

969
01:27:37,920 --> 01:27:40,080
Or greater knapweed.

970
01:27:40,200 --> 01:27:42,320
Asteraceae family.

971
01:27:45,680 --> 01:27:48,640
Here are the lizard orchids.

972
01:27:48,760 --> 01:27:51,880
Himantoglossum hircinum.

973
01:27:57,880 --> 01:28:01,760
It's a plant that indicates
that the soil is chalky.

974
01:28:01,880 --> 01:28:07,640
It's not a very common orchid in Normandy.

975
01:28:07,760 --> 01:28:10,560
It's normally found
on chalk hills in hot climates

976
01:28:11,960 --> 01:28:13,200
that get a lot of sunshine.

977
01:28:14,640 --> 01:28:17,480
It smells of goats.

978
01:28:22,240 --> 01:28:26,400
What pollinates it?
I don't know with that smell.

979
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:47,760
That's Epipactis palustris.

980
01:28:50,280 --> 01:28:54,080
An orchid that thrives on humid grasslands.

981
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:56,200
Here it's on acid soil.

982
01:28:58,160 --> 01:29:01,320
A small site at Sainte-Marguerite
near to the lighthouse.

983
01:29:04,840 --> 01:29:06,240
On moorland.

984
01:29:10,840 --> 01:29:12,800
It was very beautiful this year.

985
01:29:14,160 --> 01:29:16,120
The rainfall was good for it.

986
01:29:19,520 --> 01:29:21,760
Epipactis palustris.

987
01:29:22,880 --> 01:29:24,680
Marsh helleborine.

988
01:29:25,880 --> 01:29:28,280
Orchidaceae family again.

989
01:29:36,880 --> 01:29:38,720
There's the Ophioglossum.

990
01:29:41,360 --> 01:29:44,000
One of the most primitive ferns
in the world.

991
01:29:46,320 --> 01:29:51,040
We had the surprise
of seeing three fertile parts.

992
01:29:51,160 --> 01:29:54,680
There's normally only one tongue
sticking out, but here there were three.

993
01:29:56,840 --> 01:29:59,480
That hardly ever happens here.

994
01:30:02,520 --> 01:30:08,560
It's one of the plants that has led
to there being a nature reserve there,

995
01:30:09,680 --> 01:30:11,160
on the Ailly plateau.

996
01:30:13,960 --> 01:30:16,840
There are little yellow spores coming out.

997
01:30:19,520 --> 01:30:21,000
Through the slits.

998
01:30:23,960 --> 01:30:27,520
An even more primitive family of ferns
than the Osmunda.

999
01:30:29,560 --> 01:30:31,720
Ophioglossum vulgatum.

1000
01:30:34,240 --> 01:30:36,440
Common Ophioglossum.

1001
01:30:38,640 --> 01:30:40,520
Southern adder's-tongue fern.

1002
01:30:40,640 --> 01:30:42,600
Ophioglaceae family.

1003
01:30:51,640 --> 01:30:53,200
Look at that structure.

1004
01:30:59,200 --> 01:31:02,040
You can clearly see
the three fertile parts.

1005
01:31:05,720 --> 01:31:06,920
Exceptional.

1006
01:31:07,040 --> 01:31:11,640
You normally only see one spike
but here there were three at once.

1007
01:31:12,880 --> 01:31:15,920
All that rain led to so much plant growth.

1008
01:31:16,040 --> 01:31:20,160
The rain we had in 2023 was wonderful.

1009
01:31:42,040 --> 01:31:45,320
That was the Varenne valley.

1010
01:31:45,440 --> 01:31:50,440
A sublime field of Anthericum ramosum,

1011
01:31:53,520 --> 01:31:56,200
Branched St Bernard's-lily
if I'm not mistaken.

1012
01:31:58,520 --> 01:32:04,560
I've never seen so many flowers.
When we arrived it was in full bloom.

1013
01:32:04,680 --> 01:32:07,120
The whole hillside was white, white, white.

1014
01:32:10,640 --> 01:32:14,240
With a few black sedges swaying

1015
01:32:16,480 --> 01:32:17,720
in the foreground.

1016
01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:27,240
Anthericum ramosum.

1017
01:32:27,360 --> 01:32:30,600
Branched St Bernard's Lily.

1018
01:32:30,720 --> 01:32:32,280
Liliaceae family.

1019
01:32:38,440 --> 01:32:39,600
So delicate.

1020
01:32:43,760 --> 01:32:46,720
Echium vulgare. Viper's buglosse.

1021
01:32:48,880 --> 01:32:50,560
With all those little spikes.

1022
01:32:53,200 --> 01:32:56,240
They prick you,
hence the viper in the name.

1023
01:32:59,040 --> 01:33:01,440
With a yellow Reseda in the background.

1024
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:09,880
What did you say
was in the background?

1025
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:11,680
- Reseda.
- Oh, that's a Reseda.

1026
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:15,960
With the grasses in front,
swaying in the breeze.

1027
01:33:17,120 --> 01:33:19,600
All you see is plants.

1028
01:33:19,720 --> 01:33:21,920
I can see Rhinanthus.
I can see lots of plants.

1029
01:33:22,040 --> 01:33:24,600
I think I listed at least 50 plants

1030
01:33:24,720 --> 01:33:27,880
on this tiny plot

1031
01:33:29,040 --> 01:33:30,840
on the chalk hill.

1032
01:33:42,240 --> 01:33:44,560
Ah, yes. We ended there.

1033
01:33:48,720 --> 01:33:51,560
That's Equisetum hyemale.

1034
01:33:52,840 --> 01:33:57,600
I think it's the last surviving station
in Normandy,

1035
01:33:57,720 --> 01:34:00,200
in the woods at Varengeville.

1036
01:34:00,320 --> 01:34:03,760
It's a boreal mountain-dwelling horsetail.

1037
01:34:06,440 --> 01:34:12,240
It only survives
in these damp, cool ditches,

1038
01:34:12,360 --> 01:34:13,760
cold spots

1039
01:34:16,080 --> 01:34:18,720
where there are springs
continually flowing.

1040
01:34:20,720 --> 01:34:22,960
It's evergreen.

1041
01:34:23,080 --> 01:34:26,560
It's like that all year round.
Hyemale means winter.

1042
01:34:26,680 --> 01:34:29,160
So it's present all year round.

1043
01:34:31,960 --> 01:34:34,960
There is just a stem
performing photosynthesis,

1044
01:34:35,840 --> 01:34:37,200
no verticils.

1045
01:34:42,480 --> 01:34:47,120
Selaginella douglasii.

1046
01:34:49,080 --> 01:34:50,800
It's a lycophyte,

1047
01:34:50,920 --> 01:34:54,480
lycophytes being
the first lignified plants,

1048
01:34:54,600 --> 01:34:56,720
vascular plants,

1049
01:34:56,840 --> 01:34:58,560
after moss.

1050
01:34:58,680 --> 01:35:02,480
In the beginning there were liverworts,
mosses and seaweeds,

1051
01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:08,560
and then there were vascular plants,
which are the Selaginella.

1052
01:35:08,680 --> 01:35:12,520
They grow among the dwarf horsetail.

1053
01:35:12,640 --> 01:35:15,640
Equisetum scirpoides. There it is.

1054
01:35:17,560 --> 01:35:22,320
That's evergreen too, but it's tiny.

1055
01:35:25,320 --> 01:35:30,120
It's one of the last remaining horsetails
from ancient times.

1056
01:35:32,520 --> 01:35:35,440
Equisetum scirpoides
and the horsetail from Bogotá,

1057
01:35:35,560 --> 01:35:37,920
Equisetum Bogotense,

1058
01:35:38,040 --> 01:35:41,680
are the two which have survived.

1059
01:35:46,440 --> 01:35:50,840
That's the giant form of Equisetum hyemale
which comes from Kamchatka.

1060
01:35:53,880 --> 01:35:57,760
Affine subspecies of Equisetum hyamale.

1061
01:36:02,760 --> 01:36:05,360
It has no verticils but it does have.

1062
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:11,960
…ramifications all along the main stem.

1063
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:17,720
The undergrowth is royal ferns

1064
01:36:17,840 --> 01:36:20,520
and in the background
there are tree ferns.

1065
01:36:20,640 --> 01:36:22,600
Dicksonia antartica.

1066
01:36:25,840 --> 01:36:28,520
With Equisetum hyemale in the foreground.

1067
01:36:37,640 --> 01:36:38,800
Chloranthus.

1068
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:43,960
The ancestors of Laurales and Magnoliales.

1069
01:36:47,520 --> 01:36:53,760
They came after Schisandra and Illicium.

1070
01:36:58,240 --> 01:37:00,120
Chloranthus fortunei.

1071
01:37:00,920 --> 01:37:02,720
Chlorantaceae family.

1072
01:37:08,640 --> 01:37:12,840
A Californian spice bush,
Calycanthus occidentalis.

1073
01:37:15,960 --> 01:37:19,240
The first flowering plants
were water lilies.

1074
01:37:19,360 --> 01:37:21,760
Then came Illicium and Schisandra

1075
01:37:21,880 --> 01:37:25,880
and then Calycanthus and Magnolia.

1076
01:37:27,920 --> 01:37:30,440
It's red because it attracts beetles.

1077
01:37:30,560 --> 01:37:33,920
It emits the smell of fermenting fruit

1078
01:37:35,680 --> 01:37:38,440
to get them to come.

1079
01:37:38,560 --> 01:37:43,480
They think they're going to be feasting

1080
01:37:43,600 --> 01:37:46,160
on overripe fruit,

1081
01:37:46,280 --> 01:37:48,360
but no,

1082
01:37:48,480 --> 01:37:51,320
there is no nectar, just a bit of pollen.

1083
01:37:57,400 --> 01:38:00,840
Always that red

1084
01:38:00,960 --> 01:38:02,920
which is very visible to beetles.

1085
01:38:03,040 --> 01:38:05,320
Bees can't see red.

1086
01:38:05,440 --> 01:38:08,840
These are flowers that existed
before the appearance of bees.

1087
01:38:08,960 --> 01:38:11,480
A Chinese spice bush,

1088
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:13,640
Calycanthus chinensis.

1089
01:38:17,320 --> 01:38:22,520
It's quite exceptional to see
such big flowers on primitive plants.

1090
01:38:24,440 --> 01:38:27,200
The are shaped a bit like magnolia flowers.

1091
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:39,240
In the close-up we'll see
that the stamens are lamelliform.

1092
01:38:39,840 --> 01:38:45,760
There is a gradual transition
from sepals to petals and stamens.

1093
01:38:45,880 --> 01:38:46,960
There are no...

1094
01:38:48,800 --> 01:38:50,840
Like on water lilies, there are no...

1095
01:38:52,280 --> 01:38:57,440
Most flowering plants
have filiform stamens.

1096
01:39:02,360 --> 01:39:06,240
These have only lamellae
and you can see the little beetles

1097
01:39:06,360 --> 01:39:08,120
pollinating it.

1098
01:39:09,760 --> 01:39:12,000
Tulip tree.

1099
01:39:12,880 --> 01:39:15,000
Liriodendron tulipifera.

1100
01:39:18,920 --> 01:39:21,400
The colour of its flowers
is always subtle.

1101
01:39:22,360 --> 01:39:25,480
Greenish with a bit of orange at the base

1102
01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:27,880
to attract beetles.

1103
01:39:32,920 --> 01:39:37,000
If you look inside, you'll see
there are no filaments on the anthers,

1104
01:39:37,120 --> 01:39:38,720
just lamellae.

1105
01:39:40,560 --> 01:39:43,600
Liriodendron tulipifera.

1106
01:39:43,720 --> 01:39:45,800
Tulip tree.

1107
01:39:45,920 --> 01:39:47,720
Magnoliaceae family.

1108
01:39:49,880 --> 01:39:54,520
The petals originate
from leaves in transformation.

1109
01:39:54,640 --> 01:39:57,880
You always see that green
and the veins.

1110
01:40:01,840 --> 01:40:03,800
It's from the Magnoliaceae family.

1111
01:40:12,120 --> 01:40:15,400
That's a camphor tree

1112
01:40:15,520 --> 01:40:17,160
from the Lauraceae family

1113
01:40:17,280 --> 01:40:19,280
which came after the Calycanthus.

1114
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:30,000
Plants rich in essential oils
to repel herbivores.

1115
01:40:30,120 --> 01:40:35,840
Triceratops and Iguanodons
had to go and find something else to eat.

1116
01:40:37,760 --> 01:40:42,240
The camphor tree has a distinctive smell.

1117
01:40:42,360 --> 01:40:44,120
It has tiny flowers.

1118
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:49,080
In six parts.

1119
01:40:50,800 --> 01:40:53,560
Six sepals, six petals,

1120
01:40:53,680 --> 01:40:55,880
and 12 stamens if I remember correctly.

1121
01:40:58,120 --> 01:41:00,800
That's an Aristolochia,

1122
01:41:02,960 --> 01:41:05,200
Aristolochia pistolochia,

1123
01:41:06,480 --> 01:41:08,560
from the Piperales order.

1124
01:41:08,680 --> 01:41:11,600
Very aromatic plants.

1125
01:41:12,840 --> 01:41:16,560
Black flowers pollinated by flies

1126
01:41:18,960 --> 01:41:23,320
which enter at the top and go down
into the little bulging part at the base.

1127
01:41:29,760 --> 01:41:31,960
There are some spikes of flowers there.

1128
01:41:32,760 --> 01:41:37,200
That's an inflorescence.
Those look like petals but they're bracts.

1129
01:41:37,320 --> 01:41:41,240
Each element that looks like a stamen
is a flower.

1130
01:41:41,360 --> 01:41:48,040
There must be about, I don't know,
60 or 70 flowers on the scape.

1131
01:41:50,640 --> 01:41:57,640
It is thought that monocotyledons
evolved from Saururaceae.

1132
01:41:58,840 --> 01:42:02,320
These are the earliest monocotyledons.
They are arums.

1133
01:42:04,520 --> 01:42:05,960
That's Arisaema.

1134
01:42:15,040 --> 01:42:17,680
Arisaema ciliatum.

1135
01:42:21,720 --> 01:42:27,360
Corydalis claviculata,
now Certaocapnos claviculata.

1136
01:42:28,320 --> 01:42:29,680
It's very small.

1137
01:42:33,040 --> 01:42:36,480
A member of the Papaveraceae family.

1138
01:42:37,320 --> 01:42:40,920
This was the start
of modern flowering plants.

1139
01:42:49,040 --> 01:42:51,480
Mahonia russeliana,

1140
01:42:54,520 --> 01:42:58,640
a Mexican Berberis
whose flowers are almost white.

1141
01:43:04,880 --> 01:43:06,920
That was the last image